food choice

Buying animal products of any sort raises its own questions of animal welfare and greenhouse-gas emissions, as livestock farming is said to be one of the most significant contributors to climate change.

Should we eat fish?

Fish stocks are threatened by overfishing and practices that destroy habitats, and by quotas that result in overcaught or undersized fish being thrown back dead. Some quota systems have helped dwindling populations of some species restock.

The Marine Conservation Society has identified species that are at risk and others who are in healthy abundance.

For example, Atlantic halibut has been overfished, which means it is caught in such high numbers that a sustainable stock cannot be maintained and the species is classed as endangered by the World Conservation Union. The MSC recommends choosing Pacific halibut or farmed Atlantic halibut instead.

In the UK, the flatfish dab has healthy stocks and is recommended as a fish to eat, especially if caught by seine netting, which causes less damage to the seabed than other methods of trawling.

What about food from abroad?

Fairtrade food often comes within the wider definition of sustainable food. And it is the developed world markets that sustain many producers in poorer countries.

So if you are buying foreign foods out of season, campaigners say the sustainable option is to choose Fairtrade-certified products imported from poorer countries, to ensure a fair deal for disadvantaged producers.

The Soil Association, which certifies 70% of the UK's £1.9bn organic food sector, requires foreign farmers to prove they provide employment at fair pay and that they are trying to lessen dependence on air travel.